ABSTRACT
Resumen Este artículo resume la literatura existente hasta este momento sobre el impacto de la terapia hormonal para la asignación de género utilizada en la población transgénero, y de los factores de riesgo tradicionales y emergentes, en los desenlaces cardiovasculares o los marcadores subrogados de enfermedad cardiovascular. Actualmente se reconoce la evidencia creciente de que las personas transgénero o con género diverso son víctimas de disparidades en una gran variedad de factores de riesgo cardiovascular comparadas con sus pares cisgénero. Se ha reportado disparidad en morbilidad y mortalidad como resultado de una alta prevalencia en estilos de vida no saludables. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha incorporado la interpretación de que no solo la disparidad en factores de riesgo cardiovascular es lo que incrementa el riesgo en la salud cardiovascular de la población transgénero. Existe la hipótesis de que el exceso en morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular está relacionado con estresores psicosociales a lo largo de la vida de este grupo en múltiples niveles, incluyendo violencia estructurada (p. ej., discriminación, falta de acceso a los servicios de salud, falta de vivienda digna, etc.). La falta de información y de investigación en este grupo son limitantes importantes que requieren un abordaje multifacético para mejorar aspectos como la promoción de la salud y el mejor cuidado cardiovascular.
Abstract This review summarizes the impact of gender affirming hormone therapy used in the transgendered population and the classic and emerging risk factors on cardiovascular outcomes and surrogate markers of cardiovascular health. There is a growing body of evidence that people who are transgender and gender diverse are impacted by disparities across a variety of cardiovascular risk factors compared with their peers who are cisgender. Previously, disparities have been reported in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality across this group as a result of a higher prevalence of non-healthy life style. However, recent research suggests that there are additional factors playing a role in this differences: there is the hypothesis that the excess of cardiovascular morbility and mortality has been driven by psychosocial stressors across the lifespan at multiple levels, as structural violence (e.g., discrimination, lack of affordable housing, lack of access to health care, etc.). Lack of information and research in this population is an important limitation; therefore, a multifaceted approach that integrates best practice into research, health promotion and cardiovascular care for this understudied and growing population is clearly needed.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Se realiza una revisión sobre el riesgo de los pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus en el contexto de morbimortalidad general y relacionada a infección por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Así mismo se repasan las recomendaciones generales, de alimentación y de la prevención de las comorbilidades que más frecuentemente padecen dichos enfermos. Finalmente se hace una revisión de las recomendaciones farmacológicas sobre el tratamiento tanto oral como parenteral en el paciente ambulatorio, en la hospitalización y en estados críticos infectados por el SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract A review is carried out to examine the risk of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in the context of general morbidity and mortality and related to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, the general recommendations for food and the prevention of comorbidities that most these patients suffer most frequently are also studied. Finally, a review of the pharmacological recommendations on both oral and parenteral treatment in the outpatient, in hospitalization and in critical states infected with SARS-CoV-2 is made.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Risk Factors , Critical Illness , Diabetes Mellitus/mortality , Pandemics , Ambulatory Care/methods , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , HospitalizationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify predictors of in-hospital and long-term (> 1 year) mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in elderly patients referred for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Seventy-three patients (> or = 80 years) were included. Clinical and interventional characteristics were collected retrospectively. Primary end points were in-hospital and long-term mortality, and a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, urgent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and death (MACE). RESULTS: Eighty-three percent of the patients had acute coronary syndromes, 43% three-vessel disease, and 42% heart failure. In-hospital mortality and MACE were 16.4% and 19%, respectively. Long-term mortality and MACE were 11.3% and 16.4%, respectively. Univariate characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality and MACE were: Killip Class III-IV, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, TIMI 0-2 flow prior and after intervention, diabetes mellitus, contrast nephropathy, and presence of A-V block or atrial fibrillation (AF). Long term predictors for mortality were the presence of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, diabetes mellitus, TIMI flow 0-2 before and after intervention, and A-V block or AF. CONCLUSION: The identification of the factors previously mentioned may help to predict complications in elderly patients.